💡 How to use this day
This revision day covers all grammar from the course in compressed form. For each section: (1) read the rule, (2) look at the examples, (3) try to produce your own example before moving on. If any section feels unclear, the day number is listed — go back and review the full lesson.
Section 1
The verb system — all tenses
Present, aorist, imperfect, future and perfect.
| Tense | Form | Use | Example | Day |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Present | Stem + present endings (-а/-я, -иш/-еш, etc.) | Ongoing or habitual action NOW. | Работя всеки ден. Четеш книга. | 12 |
| Aorist | Stem + aorist endings (-х/-а/-е/-хме/-хте/-ха) | Completed action at specific past moment. | Вчера отидох. Той каза истината. | 23 |
| Imperfect | Stem + imperfect endings (-ах/-аше or -ех/-еше) | Ongoing, habitual or background past. | Четях всеки ден. Беше студено. | 36 |
| Future | ще + present tense | Action in the future. Negative: няма да + present. | Ще отида. Няма да работя утре. | 24 |
| Perfect | съм/е/са + past participle | Recent past with current relevance (news, results). | Правителството е решило. Той е дошъл. | 41 |
| Conditional | щях/щеше/щяхме да + present | Hypothetical result in impossible/unlikely condition. | Ако имах пари, щях да пътувам. | 38 |
Section 2
Verb aspects
Imperfective and perfective — the core Slavic distinction.
| Aspect | Rule | Key signal | Example |
|---|---|---|---|
| Imperfective | Ongoing, repeated, habitual, background. | всеки ден · обикновено · докато | Четях книгата (ongoing). Казвах ти (kept telling). |
| Perfective | Completed as a whole. No true present tense. | веднъж · накрая · в крайна сметка | Прочетох книгата (finished it). Казах му (told him once). |
| Perfective in present | Perfective present = conditional/future meaning. | ако · когато | Ако прочета, ще ти кажа. (If/when I finish reading...) |
| 30 essential pairs (quick reference) | |
|---|---|
| пиша → напиша | чета → прочета |
| ям → изям | пия → изпия |
| казвам → кажа | питам → попитам |
| купувам → купя | давам → дам |
| отварям → отворя | затварям → затворя |
| получавам → получа | изпращам → изпратя |
| правя → направя | взимам → взема |
| идвам → дойда | отивам → ида |
| започвам → започна | завършвам → завърша |
| виждам → видя | чувам → чуя |
Section 3
Passive voice
Two types — conversational and formal.
| Type | Structure | Use | Example |
|---|---|---|---|
| Се-passive | се + verb (3rd person) | Impersonal; no agent stated. Conversational. | Тук се говори български. Продава се. |
| Adjectival passive | е/беше + past passive participle (agrees with noun) | Formal; agent optional with от. | Книгата е написана от Вазов. Вратата беше заключена. |
| Fixed passive expressions | |
|---|---|
| Продава се | For sale |
| Търси се | Wanted |
| Не се пуши | No smoking |
| Говори се, че... | It is said that... |
| Смята се, че... | It is thought that... |
| Знае се, че... | It is known that... |
| Счита се за... | It is considered to be... |
Section 4
Conditionals
Real and hypothetical.
| Type | Structure | Example |
|---|---|---|
| Real conditional | ако + present → ще + present | Ако вали, ще остана вкъщи. |
| Hypothetical conditional | ако + imperfect → щях/щеше/щяхме да + present | Ако имах пари, щях да пътувам. |
| Negative hypothetical | ако не... → нямаше да... | Ако не беше дошла, нямаше да я видим. |
Section 5
Reported speech
Statements, questions and commands.
| Type | Structure | Example |
|---|---|---|
| Statement | Verb + че + clause (NO backshift, person changes) | Той каза, че е уморен. (not беше) |
| Yes/no question | попита + дали + clause | Тя попита дали ще дойда. |
| Information question | попита + question word + clause | Той попита кога ще се върна. |
| Command | каза/помоли + да + present (не + да for negative) | Тя ми каза да дойда. / да не говоря. |
Section 6
Relative clauses
Který system.
| Form | Gender/number | Object form | Example |
|---|---|---|---|
| който | M singular | когото | Мъжът, който/когото виждам. |
| която | F singular | която | Книгата, която чета. |
| което | N singular | което | Детето, което плаче. |
| които | Plural | които | Хората, които живеят тук. |
| чийто/чиято/чието/чиити | Whose (all genders) | — | Жената, чиято дъщеря познавам. |
💡 Prepositions + relative pronoun
Preposition always comes BEFORE the relative pronoun: градът, в който живея · жената, с която работя · причините, поради които напусна
Section 7
Comparatives and superlatives
Quick reference.
| Structure | Form | Example |
|---|---|---|
| Comparative | по- + adjective + от + noun | Пловдив е по-стар от София. |
| Superlative | най- + adjective | Мусала е най-високият връх. |
| "As ... as" | толкова + adj + колкото | Той е толкова висок, колкото брат му. |
| Twice as | два пъти по- | два пъти по-скъп |
| "The more...the more" | колкото повече...толкова повече | Колкото повече уча, толкова повече разбирам. |
| Getting more and more | все по- + adj | Ставаше все по-студено. |
Section 8
Key grammar structures — B1 summary table
Everything on one page.
| Structure | Formula | Day |
|---|---|---|
| Present tense | Verb stem + group endings | 12 |
| Aorist | Stem + -х/-а/-е/-хме/-хте/-ха | 23 |
| Imperfect | Stem + -ax/-аше (Gr1) or -ex/-еше (Gr2) | 36 |
| Future | ще + present / няма да + present | 24 |
| Conditional | щях/щеше/щяхме да + present | 38 |
| Perfect | съм/е/са + past participle | 41 |
| Reflexive | се (on self) / си (for self) | 20 |
| Verb aspects | Imperfective (ongoing) / Perfective (completed) | 45 |
| Се-passive | се + 3rd person verb | 40 |
| Adjectival passive | е + PPP (agrees in gender/number) | 40 |
| Reported speech | каза, че + clause (no backshift) | 37 |
| Indirect question | попита дали / кога / защо... | 37 |
| Reported command | каза да + present | 37 |
| Relative clauses | който/която/което/които / чийто | 46 |
| Real conditional | ако + present → ще + present | 38 |
| Hypothetical | ако + imperfect → щях да + present | 38 |
| Comparative | по- + adj + от | 39 |
| Superlative | най- + adj | 39 |
| "As...as" | толкова + adj + колкото | 39 |
Section 9
Writing task
✏️ Writing task — Day 53
- Write 10 sentences — one for each of: present, aorist, imperfect, future, conditional, perfect, passive, reported speech, relative clause, comparative.
- What is the key rule about perfective verbs in the present tense?
- Write a conditional sentence (real) and a hypothetical sentence using the same subject.
- Correct these errors: (a) "Той каза, че беше уморен" (b) "Книгата която чета" (c) "Ако имам пари, щях да купя"
Show answers
1. Free answer — use the formula table above.
2. Perfective verbs have no true present tense — their present form gives conditional/future meaning (ако напиша...).
3. Real: Ако вали, ще остана вкъщи. Hypothetical: Ако валеше, щях да остана вкъщи.
4. (a) No backshift: Той каза, че е уморен. (b) Missing comma: Книгата, която чета. (c) Mixed aspects: Ако имах пари, щях да купя. (imperfect in both)
Day 53 Quiz
8 questions · score 6+ to mark day complete
Question 1 of 8
Which tense uses "ще + present tense"?
Question 2 of 8
The imperfect tense is used for:
Question 3 of 8
Reported speech in Bulgarian — does it backshift tenses?
Question 4 of 8
The se-passive (се + verb) is best for:
Question 5 of 8
Hypothetical conditionals use which structure in the result clause?
Question 6 of 8
"Getting more and more expensive" — correct Bulgarian:
Question 7 of 8
Relative pronoun for masculine object (the man WHOM I saw):
Question 8 of 8
Perfect tense structure in Bulgarian:
Day 53 Recap
Review before Day 54. Every point builds on the last.
| Topic | Key point | Example |
|---|---|---|
| Tense system | Present · Aorist · Imperfect · Future · Conditional · Perfect — each with distinct form and use. | All in this day |
| Aspects | Imperfective (ongoing) / Perfective (completed). Perfective has no true present. | Day 45 |
| Passive | Се-passive (conversational) · Adjectival passive (formal, с от for agent). | Day 40 |
| Reported speech | Che + clause. No backshift. Дали for yes/no questions. Да + present for commands. | Day 37 |
| Relative clauses | Който/която/което/които. Когото for M object. Чийто for possession. | Day 46 |
| Conditionals | Real: ако + present → ще. Hypothetical: ако + imperfect → щях да. | Day 38 |